Prefabricated houses don't have to be ticky-tacky. Contemporary prefab homes now possess all the flair and durability of traditional housing. Computerized designs and innovative materials are behind this architectural revolution, replacing cookie-cutter forms and flimsy materials from prefab's heyday after World War II. That's the message of "Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling," an engrossing survey of the prefab movement opening Sunday at the Museum of Modern Art. It lasts through Oct. 26. Visitors can stroll through five model homes built outside the museum to experience major architectural advances in prefabrication. Distinctive profiles, open floor plans, energy efficiency and off-the-shelf components are shared objectives. Built in a black-topped lot next to the museum, the model homes form a kind of urban village in the heart of Manhattan. Cellophane House is a five-story, steel-frame town house from Philadelphia. Burst 008 is an Australian beachhouse of laser-cut plywood. Micro compact home was designed and built in Britain and Germany, with all the comforts in just 76 square feet of living space. System 3 is a modular home prototype from Austria in the shape of shipping containers. The fifth model is a digitally fabricated, one-room "shotgun house" designed for flood-ravaged New Orleans. An accompanying exhibit inside MoMA traces the history of prefab housing dating to 1833, when H. Manning of London began selling portable colonial cottages for emigrants to Australia, boasting that the homes could be assembled in a day. Scale models, photos and architectural sketches range over the prefab work of modernist innovators like Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Jean Prouve in Europe and Thomas Edison, Frank Lloyd Wright and R. Buckminster Fuller in the United States It includes a two-bedroom Lustron house of porcelain-enameled steel, one of 2,500 produced in the United States (1948-50); photos of World War II-era Quonset Huts; a model of Fuller's Dymaxion Dwelling Machine (1944-46); sketches of Wright's American System-Built Houses for the Richards Co. (1911-17); and an illustration of Edison's single pour concrete buildings (1906-1919). Other highlights: Le Courbusier's path-breaking Maison Dom-ino construction sketch (1914), photos of the Gropius-designed Copper Houses exported to Palestine in the early 1930s and Prouve's models of prefab houses from the early 1950s, a trove assembled by curator Barry Bergdoll. Pioneers of prefab shared the notion that dwellings assembled on site from mass-produced factory components could overcome housing shortages from world wars and urban expansion. But the reality was often alienating: rows of look-alike homes in suburban tracts and grim apartment blocks in cities. Architects specializing in prefab now use "mass customization" of basic designs developed with sophisticated software programs. Prefab homes can be modified with input from customers to match their individual needs, according to the exhibition catalog. Continued... |